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This is a plain English summary of an original research article. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) at the time of publication.
Skin grafts and tissue replacement products can help heal diabetic foot ulcers in some cases, and may also slightly reduce the numbers of future amputations. Foot ulcers are common and can be hard to treat, but failure to heal them carries high risk for amputation and mortality.
This review showed skin grafts or tissue replacement moderately increased the healing rate of the most amenable diabetic foot ulcers in people with diabetes – that is, in those who had sufficient blood flow in their feet. Two trials reported slightly fewer amputations in people with diabetes compared to usual care at 12 weeks.
The review identified the most relevant trial evidence available. These trials showed some limitations. For example, most trials were linked with product manufacturers. However, given that the treatments are recognisable to patients and staff, it’s difficult to eliminate all potential causes of bias.
Currently recommended treatments of wound dressings and foot infection control don’t always achieve complete wound healing and are expensive for long term use, so this review added to understanding about better approaches. We still need more information about cost and long-term effectiveness of the treatments.
Why was this study needed?
Foot complications are common in people with diabetes with around 10 to15% experiencing a diabetic foot ulcer at some point in their lives. NICE also estimate that around 50% of people die within five years of developing a diabetic foot ulcer and ulcers precede more than 80% of diabetes-related amputations.
They are also costly. A 2012 NHS Diabetes report estimated that around £650 million is spent on foot ulcers or amputations each year.
Despite the variety of current treatments for diabetic foot ulcers - including control of foot infection and wound dressings - up to 60% of ulcers fail to heal completely.
This review looked to see whether treatments involving skin grafts and tissue replacement would improve ulcer healing rates compared to usual care.
What did this study do?
This Cochrane systematic review included 17 randomised controlled trials involving 1,655 adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes. Fourteen trials compared skin grafts / tissue replacement with usual care, four compared tissue products against each other.
Skin grafts came from the person themselves, a different person; engineered or artificial skin; or from animals. Follow-up to assess ulcer healing ranged from six weeks to 14 months, but most were 12 weeks. In the 15 trials that described patients’ characteristics in detail, all studied people who had sufficient blood flow to their feet.
We can be confident the review identified the most relevant trials, but they were rated in the review as low-quality due to a lack of blinding of the outcomes assessors. Blinding is not feasible for these studies as the treatments are visible. There were links with manufacturers of skin products in 15 of the trials. No studies came from England and most (11) were from the US, so applicability to the UK may be an issue.
What did it find?
- Fourteen trials found that skin grafts and tissue replacement products use in the trials increased the healing rate for people with diabetes by approximately 55% compared to usual care (risk ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30 to 1.85). Complete ulcer healing at 6 to 16 weeks was 423 per 1,000 people using skin grafts or tissue replacement, significantly more than the 273 per 1,000 achieved in standard care. Despite this improvement, fewer than half of all ulcers were healed by 16 weeks.
- Four trials directly comparing skin graft or tissue replacement products with one another found no specific type was more effective than another.
- Two trials looking at the rate of lower limb amputations found around half the rate of amputations in the skin graft or tissue replacement groups (47 per 1,000, 95% CI 25 to 89) compared with usual care (109 per 1,000, 95%CI not reported). There was imprecision in reporting of amputations rates.
- No trials reported significant differences in adverse events between skin graft or tissue replacement products compared to usual care, based on 16 trials.
- No trials reported on quality of life or compared the cost benefits of skin grafts or tissue replacement compared with usual care.
What does current guidance say on this issue?
NICE’s 2015 guidance on Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management recommends that usual care includes one or more of the following treatments: offloading (keeping weight off the area), control of foot infection, control of ischaemia (poor blood supply to a part of the body, wound debridement (removal of dead tissue) and wound dressings.
It also recommends considering skin grafts or skin substitutes (tissue replacement) in addition to usual care for diabetic foot ulcers only when healing has not progressed and on the advice of the multidisciplinary foot care service.
What are the implications?
This review identifies evidence that skin grafts and tissue replacement may improve the healing rate of diabetic foot ulcers for some people, compared to usual care. This supports the NICE guideline’s cautious approach.
Limitations of the evidence include trials’ focus on people with sufficient blood flow to their feet - who may not be representative of all patients with diabetic foot ulcers. The average follow up of treatment was 12 weeks so longer-term effectiveness is not known. Having long term follow up is particularly important to assess risk of future amputation. Finally, we do not know the cost benefits of these interventions compared with standard care – differences in cost could be significant.
Better quality UK-relevant data on these interventions, including a cost benefit analysis would help commissioners of these services. Bearing in mind how many people are diagnosed as having diabetes and the costs of treatment, patient selection of those people who stand to benefit from these grafts will be important.
Citation and Funding
Santema TB, Poyck PP, Ubbink DT. Skin grafting and tissue replacement for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD011255.
The project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research via Cochrane Infrastructure funding to Cochrane Wounds.
Bibliography
NICE. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. NG19. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015.
NHS Choices. How to look after your feet if you have diabetes. [internet]. Leeds: NHS Choices; 2015.
Produced by the University of Southampton and Bazian on behalf of NIHR through the NIHR Dissemination Centre
